Nationalism, once the scourge of world politics, is back. Liah Greenfeld takes the reader on an intellectual journey through the origins of the word “nationalism” and how it has changed over the centuries.
Nationalism has re-emerged as a potent force in world affairs—sometimes as a force of positive aspiration, sometimes as an inward-looking force of hatred and bigotry. But what is nationalism? Hasn't nationalism, in one form or another, always been an aspect of the human experience? Liah Greenfeld answers those and other questions in her new book as she explores what, in historical terms, is the relatively short history of nationalism. Beginning with Shakespeare's accounts of the bloody internecine wars in pre-modern England, Greenfeld traces the development of the idea that the people within a given geographical boundary constituted a sovereign community of fundamentally equal members, named a nation. Over time, Greenfeld explains, this novel idea gave rise to an inclusive political identity of all people regardless of economic or social standing (national identity) and an extensive system of modern values—what we now call nationalism. Since the sixteenth century, nationalism increasingly has been the consciousness motivating both rulers and the ruled to seek to secure their nation's place in the broader world and to compete for dignity. Greenfeld traces this history with fascinating accounts of how the concept of nationhood migrated from England to France, then to Russia and the United States, then eventually to much of the rest of the world, culminating most recently with the arrival of nationalism in China. This idea underwent numerous permutations as it traveled, but the central concept of a sovereign community of members sharing in common dignity remained. During the twentieth century, nationalism was associated with the extremism of fascism, Nazism, and communism. The idea of nationalism fell into widespread disrepute after World War II—especially in the West—where it remained for several decades. But today, as Greenfeld notes, nationalism still “is the defining factor of the world in which we live,” an idea that drives politics and even economies across the globe. Greenfeld recounts the history of nationalism with clarity, corrects misperceptions about that past, and suggests that nationalism is likely to stick around for a while—but refuses to predict just how long that while will be.
We need a nation, declared a certain Phillippe Grouvelle in the revolutionary year of 1789, and the Nation will be born.from Nationalism
Nationalism, often the scourge, always the basis of modern world politics, is spreading. In a way, all nations are willed into being. But a simple declaration, such as Grouvelle's, is not enough. As historian Liah Greenfeld shows in her new book, a sense of nationnationalismis the product of the complex distillation of ideas and beliefs, and the struggles over them.
Greenfeld takes the reader on an intellectual journey through the origins of the concept “nation” and how national consciousness has changed over the centuries. From its emergence in sixteenth century England, nationalism has been behind nearly every significant development in world affairs over succeeding centuries, including the American and French revolutions of the late eighteenth centuries and the authoritarian communism and fascism of the twentieth century. Now it has arrived as a mass phenomenon in China as well as gaining new life in the United States and much of Europe in the guise of populism.
Written by an authority on the subject, Nationalism stresses the contradictory ways of how nationalism has been institutionalized in various places. On the one hand, nationalism has made possible the realities of liberal democracy, human rights, and individual self-determination. On the other hand, nationalism also has brought about authoritarian and racist regimes that negate the individual as an autonomous agent. That tension is all too apparent today.
